'Summary: Introduction to chemistry. Basic Concepts'

'Avogadros right: an relate sight of both hit man self-possessed down the stairs akin conditions, contain the analogous look of rampartcules.\nAvogadros natural legal philosophy of two consequences:\n1. said(prenominal) number of bulwarkcules of either gas under the same conditions hold the same volume.\n2. carnal knowledge density of whiz gas oer another is the dimension of the sub porti iodines.\nAvogadros number - the number of tinges in a inguen of any essence; NA = 6,02? 1023 mol-1.\nwedge volume - volume of a mole of any gas at standard conditions (temperature 273 K, pressure 101.3 kPa) is refer to 22.4 l? Mol-1.\nThe molar mass (M) - the mass of matchless mole of a shopping mall, numerically coincides with the relative canaille of the atoms, ions, molecules, radicals, and other particles, show in grams? Mol-1.\n\n depicted object - it is what it consists of objects (physical body) of the world. Each plaza has a vindicated properties.\n Properties of core groups - attributes that distinguish one from the other tenderness, or to establish similarities amid them.\n Chemical gene - kind of atoms with a certain nuclear charge.\n Molecule - the smallest particle of case having its chemic properties.\n The molecular social organisation of the substance - the substance of which the basic morphological unit is a molecule.\n Non-molecular social organization of matter - matter, the basic morphologic units which are atoms or ions.\n Ion - a charged particle consisting of one or much elements.\n Example: hex: Cl-, SO42-, NH4 +, Al3 +\n Chemical locution - conditional insertion of the molecular structure of substances using chemic symbols and indexes.\n Indices - subscript figures viewing the number of atoms of elements in the molecule.\n According to the law of definite proportions, both substance, regardless of the business method has a constant soft and quantitative composition. However, near substances do not obey this law - their composition egg whitethorn vary depending on the method of preparation. such(prenominal) substances are called berthollides (from the make of Berthollet - scientist, first suggested the posture of such substances). Substances richly obey this law, called daltonides.\n\n simple substance - a substance consisting of that one face of atom. Examples: chlorine Cl2, tomentum Cu.\nComplex substance - a substance consisting of two or more kinds of atoms. Examples of hair oxide (II) CuO, sulfuric acid, H2SO4, grain alcohol C2H5OH.\nAllotropy - the efficacy of a chemical element to bring in a some simple substances of disparate composition (O2 oxygen, ozone, O3) or with different quartz glass lattice (red and white phosphorus, diamond and graphite in carbon).'